反應力與耐火性：火災中的材料分類 Reaction And Fire Resistance: How Are Materials Classified In The Event Of A Fire? 由專筑網(wǎng)李韌，王雪純編譯 在火災發(fā)生的時候，保護人們的生命是最重要的命題。建筑都應該保證能夠及時疏散人群，但是疏散的時間很大程度上取決于建筑材料的使用。 為了優(yōu)化這一過程，歐盟在2000年采用了EN 13501標準[1]，其中規(guī)定了一系列不同材料的防火性能等級。其分類以同樣的測試方法為標準，而后再進行比較，這已經(jīng)成為多個國家的使用參考。 由于建筑師在項目中需要對材料進行選擇，因此我們編寫了一些專業(yè)術(shù)語，讓人們更好地了解建筑材料的安全等級。 火災反應力 根據(jù)材料對于火災的反應，可以被分為7種不同的等級。要理解其中的區(qū)別，首先要了解突發(fā)性火災，意思是與原始材料無關(guān)的火災，這種火災會迅速提升室內(nèi)的溫度，同時快速傳播。[2] A1類材料不會燃燒，也不會引發(fā)火災，例如混凝土、玻璃、鋼材、天然石材、磚塊、陶瓷等等。 In case of fire, protecting the lives of people is the most important. All occupants of the building should have the opportunity to evacuate on time, and the time available depends largely on the materials chosen and their behavior during fire exposure. In order to facilitate and optimize this process, the European Union has adopted the Standard EN 13501 [1], introduced in the 2000s, which specifies a series of classes that determines the anti-fire properties of different materials. Their classifications are unified and compared based on the same test methods, and are currently used as a reference in many countries around the world. Because of the architect’s role in choosing materials for projects, we have compiled the most important nomenclature to better understand the level of security of our built environment. Reaction to Fire Materials and products can be classified into 7 different Euroclasses according to the way they react to fire. To understand this classification, it is important to consider the generalized sudden combustion or flashover, which is the moment when combustible materials that were not involved in the original fire begin to burn, increasing the temperature in the room and increasing its speed of propagation. [2] A1 It does not fuel and does not contribute to the fire. Among them we can find concrete, glass, steel, natural stone, bricks, and ceramic materials and products.A2類材料可燃性低，不易引發(fā)突發(fā)性火災。其中有類似于A1等級的材料，但是其中有小比例的有機材料。 A2 Little fuel and very low contribution to the fire, without causing flashover. Among them we can find materials and products similar to the Euroclass A1, but with a small percentage of organic components.B 含有很少燃料，造成火災的概率低，但是會引起突發(fā)火災。其中包含石膏板與防火木材。 Little fuel and very low contribution to the fire, but they cause flashover. Among them we can find materials and products such as gypsum boards and some woods with fire protection.C 具有可燃性材料，能夠在10分鐘內(nèi)引起突發(fā)性火災。其中包括酚醛泡沫，以及有著較厚表面覆層的石膏板。 Fuel, causes flashover at 10 minutes. Among them we can find materials and products such as phenolic foam, or gypsum boards with thicker surface coatings.D 可燃材料，引發(fā)火災的時間不到10分鐘。其中包括沒有保護層的木材，其火災反應力與其厚度與密度有關(guān)。 Fuel, causes flashover before 10 minutes. Among them we can find materials and wood products without protection, varying their reaction according to their thickness and density.E 可燃材料，引發(fā)火災的時間不到2分鐘。其中包括低密度纖維板、復合絕緣塑料。 Fuel, causes flashover before 2 minutes. Among them we can find materials and products such as low density fibreboard, or plastic composite insulation systems.F 這一類產(chǎn)品無法明確定義，主要為未經(jīng)測試的材料與產(chǎn)品。 Indeterminate behavior. Materials and products not tested.S S意為煙霧不透明性，即不會產(chǎn)生煙霧的元素能力?？杉毞譃椋? S1：低透明度、可產(chǎn)生煙霧； S2：中等透明度、可產(chǎn)生煙霧； S3：高透明度、可產(chǎn)生煙霧。 D 可燃顆粒，該元素既不會產(chǎn)生滴落物，也不會構(gòu)成燃燒顆粒。可細分為： D0：產(chǎn)生滴落物或顆粒； D1：產(chǎn)生滴落物或非燃燒顆粒； D2：產(chǎn)生滴落物或燃燒顆粒。 耐火性 每個施工元素在面對火災時都有不同的反應，其耐火性能由以下參數(shù)來確定。此分類通過數(shù)字來表述，單位為“分鐘”，其中有數(shù)字15、30、45、60、90、120、180、240、360等。[2]舉例來說，REI 90說明了建筑元素在90分鐘內(nèi)所保持的穩(wěn)定性（R）、完整性（E）、隔熱性（I）。 R 穩(wěn)定能力。材料的穩(wěn)定性意思是在不損壞結(jié)構(gòu)特性的前提下的機械化抵抗力。由于施工策略和材料的承重不同，它們的性能也不同，但是在這些情況下，都需要明確其形變率及最大變形程度。 E 完整性。建筑元素放止火焰與熱氣進入未受災區(qū)域的能力。 I 隔熱性。建筑元素在沒有直接面對火災時，阻止溫度升高的能力。 Smoke Opacity. The ability of the element to not produce fumes. It's divided into: S1. Low opacity and smoke production. S2. Medium opacity and smoke production. S3. High opacity and smoke production. D Flaming Droplets/Particles. The element's ability to produce neither droplets nor inflamed particles. It's divided into: D0. Produces drops or particles. D1. Produces drops and/or non-inflamed particles. D2. Produces drops and/or inflamed particles. Fire Resistance Each constructive element behaves differently when coming into contact with fire, and its resistance is measured based on the following parameters (or their combinations). This classification is usually accompanied by a number (in minutes: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 or 360) that indicates the time in which these parameters are met. [2] By way of example, an REI 90 indicates that a constructive element maintains its stability (R), integrity (E) and its thermal insulation (I) for 90 minutes. R Supporting Capacity. Capacity of the constructive element to resist mechanically, without losing its structural properties. Although performance criteria vary according to the constructive solution and the loads they receive - axial (such as walls or pillars) or in flexion (as floors or beams) - in both cases their deformation rate and maximum deformation are measured. E Integrity. Capacity of the construction element to prevent the passage of fire and hot gases into an area not affected by the fire. I Isolation. Capacity of the constructive element to prevent the temperature increase in the face not directly exposed to the fire.W - M - C – K 這里還有一些需要參考的其他參數(shù)：W（輻射）：由于各個元素的熱輻射，建筑元素將火傳遞到其他未受影響的房間的能力； M（機械行為）：由于其他周圍部件的結(jié)構(gòu)性損毀，建筑元素所具有的抗影響能力； C（自動閉合）：在沒有人為操作的前提下，門窗自動關(guān)閉的能力； K（防火涂層）：一般指墻體與天花板的防火涂層，這能夠成為構(gòu)件的防護層。
以上術(shù)語能夠以最簡單的方式讓人們了解了防火材料的等級，但是材料的等級必須通過當?shù)貙I(yè)人員進行全面評估。 圖片：Cortesía de ArchDaily W - M - C – K Other important parameters to consider:W (Radiation). The ability of the element to prevent the transmission of fire to an unaffected room, due to excess heat radiated through the element. M (Mechanical action). The ability of the element to resist the impact due to the structural failure of another nearby element. C (Automatic closing). Capacity of doors and windows to close completely without human intervention. K (Protection against fires of coatings). The ability of wall and ceiling coatings to provide protection to the components behind them.
The terms and standards referred to above offer a simple introduction to fire protection via one of the most esteemed standards in the world. It is important to clarify that this is a serious issue which must always be evaluated by experts who are knowledgeable about local regulations and the technical specifications of each material and product used. 注釋： [1] UNE-EN 13501-1:2007+A1:施工產(chǎn)品與建筑元素的防火等級.第一部分：通過火災反應測試的數(shù)據(jù)分類 [2] 案例參考：InnoFireWood. (2019). EUROCLASS System. 4月, 2019, Virtual.vtt.fi. 網(wǎng)站： http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/innofirewood/stateoftheart/database/euroclass/euroclass.html 參考：耐火等級.4月, 2019,瑞典RISE研究機構(gòu). 網(wǎng)站： https://www.sp.se/en/index/services/fire_classes/sidor/default.aspx [1] UNE-EN 13501-1:2007+A1: Fire classification of construction products and building elements. Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests. [2] Examples Reference: InnoFireWood. (2019). EUROCLASS System. April, 2019, by Virtual.vtt.fi. Website: http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/innofirewood/stateoftheart/database/euroclass/euroclass.html Reference: Fire resistance classes. April, 2019, by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. Website: https://www.sp.se/en/index/services/fire_classes/sidor/default.aspx |
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